48th-52nd Prelims 2008

Explanation:

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain molds like Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which can contaminate grains, nuts, and spices. When ingested, aflatoxins are primarily metabolized in the liver. Excessive exposure can lead to liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and an increased risk of liver cancer. Protecting food from aflatoxin contamination is crucial for liver health.

Explanation:

Sir Robert Watson is credited with inventing radar (Radio Detection and Ranging), a technology that uses radio waves to detect, locate, and measure the distance and velocity of objects. Radar systems consist of a transmitter, a receiver, and a processing unit to analyze reflected signals. Radar is widely used in aviation, military defense, meteorology, navigation, and traffic control.

Explanation:

A sphygmomanometer is the instrument used to measure blood pressure, the force exerted by blood on vessel walls. Blood pressure is highest in arteries and is measured as systolic pressure during ventricular contraction (≈120 mm Hg) and diastolic pressure during relaxation (≈80 mm Hg). High blood pressure (hypertension) can lead to artery rupture and internal bleeding. Other instruments like spherometers, anemometers, and ammeters serve different functions unrelated to blood pressure.

Explanation:

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) uniquely contains the element Cobalt. It is essential for red blood cell production and nervous system function. It is naturally found in animal products such as meat, fish, dairy, and eggs. Other B vitamins—B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), and B6 (Pyridoxine)—do not contain Cobalt and have different deficiency-related disorders.